Cyclophosphamide Induced Disruptions to Appetitive Qualities and Detection Thresholds of NaCl: Comparison of single dose and dose fractionation effects.

Cyclophosphamide Induced Disruptions to Appetitive Qualities and Detection Thresholds of NaCl: Comparison of single dose and dose fractionation effects.

Chem Senses. 2018 May 19;:

Authors: Jewkes BC, Gomella MG, Lowry ET, Benner JA, Delay ER

Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for cancer, however a side effect is often altered taste. This study examined how cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapy drug, affects salt taste in mice. Based on previous findings, it was predicted that cyclophosphamide-induced disruptions in salt taste would be observed near days 2-4, 8-12, and 22-24 days post treatment, and that multiple, smaller doses would cause more severe disruptions to taste. To test these predictions, two experiments were performed, one using brief access testing to measure appetitive qualities, and another using operant conditioning to measure detection thresholds. After a single 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide injection, peak alterations in brief access lick rates were seen near days 5-8 and 15 post treatment, whereas peak alterations in detection thresholds were seen 6, 14 and 20 days post treatment. After five 20 mg/kg injections of cyclophosphamide, brief access lick rates revealed disruptions only on post injection day 8 whereas thresholds appeared to cycle, gradually increased to and decreased from peak elevations on post treatment days 4, 10, 15, 20, and 23. While salt taste functions were disrupted by cyclophosphamide, the patterns of these disruptions were less severe and shorter than expected from cell morphology studies, suggesting a functional adjustment to maintain behavioral accuracy. Fractionation of cyclophosphamide dosing had minimum effect on brief access responses but caused longer, cyclic-like disruptions of detection thresholds compared to single dose administration.

PMID: 29788185 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Identification and characterization of chemosensory genes in the antennal transcriptome of Spodoptera exigua.

Identification and characterization of chemosensory genes in the antennal transcriptome of Spodoptera exigua.

Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics. 2018 May 07;27:54-65

Authors: Du LX, Liu Y, Zhang J, Gao XW, Wang B, Wang GR

Abstract
Chemical senses are crucial for insect behaviors such as host preference, mate choice and oviposition site selection. Various protein families are involved in these processes, including odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), gustatory receptors (GRs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). To better understand the olfactory mechanism in Spodoptera exigua, we conducted transcriptome analysis of adult antennae and identified a total of 157 candidate chemosensory genes encoding 51 ORs, 20 IRs, 7 GRs, 32 CSPs, 45 OBPs and 2 SNMPs. Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) analysis of the tissue- and sex-specific expression profiles of ORs, GRs and IRs revealed that these genes could be detected in at least one tissue tested. SexiOR6, 11, 13 and 16, which were predicted to be pheromone receptors based on phylogenetic analysis, exhibited male-specific antennae expression. SexiOR18, 26, 28, 30, 34, 39, and 40 exhibited female-biased expression. SexiGR1, SexiGR2 and SexiGR3, are predicted carbon dioxide receptors, and the former was expressed specifically in antennae, and the latter two were expressed both in antennae and labial palps. SexiIRs had diverse expression profiles. SexiIR8a and SexiIR25a were quite conserved and expressed at high levels. This work will greatly facilitate the understanding of olfactory system in S. exigua and provides valuable information for further functional studies of the chemoreception mechanism in Lepidopteran moths.

PMID: 29787920 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Total Synthesis of the Marine Phosphomacrolide, (-)-Enigmazole A, Exploiting Multicomponent Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) in Conjunction with a Late-Stage Petasis-Ferrier Union/Rearrangement.

Total Synthesis of the Marine Phosphomacrolide, (-)-Enigmazole A, Exploiting Multicomponent Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) in Conjunction with a Late-Stage Petasis-Ferrier Union/Rearrangement.

J Org Chem. 2018 May 22;:

Authors: Ai Y, Kozytska MV, Zou Y, Khartulyari AS, Maio WA, Smith AB

Abstract
An effective late-stage large-fragment union/rearrangement exploiting the Petasis-Ferrier protocol, in conjunction with multicomponent Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) to access advanced intermediates, permits completion of a convergent, stereocontrolled total synthesis of the architecturally complex phosphomacrolide (-)-enigmazole A (1).

PMID: 29786446 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Solitary Chemosensory Cells are a Primary Epithelial Source of Interleukin-25 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.

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Solitary Chemosensory Cells are a Primary Epithelial Source of Interleukin-25 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 May 17;:

Authors: Kohanski MA, Workman AD, Patel NN, Hung LY, Shtraks JP, Chen B, Blasetti M, Doghramji L, Kennedy DW, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Herbert DR, Cohen NA

Abstract
BACKGROUND: IL-25 can function as an early signal for the respiratory Type 2 response characteristic of allergic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In the mouse gut, tuft cells are the epithelial source of IL-25. However, the source of human airway epithelial IL-25 has remained elusive.
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we sought to determine if the solitary chemosensory cell (SCC) is the predominant source of IL-25 in the sinonasal epithelium.
METHOD: Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence for SCCs and IL-25 were used to interrogate polyp and turbinate tissue from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Mucus was collected during acute inflammatory exacerbations from patients with CRSwNP or CRS without nasal polyps and IL-25 levels determined by Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Lastly, sinonasal epithelial cultures derived from polyp and turbinate tissue were stimulated with IL-13 and analyzed for SCC proliferation and IL-25 production.
RESULTS: This study demonstrates that a discrete cell type, likely a solitary chemosensory cell (SCC), characterized by expression of the taste-associated G-protein, gustducin, and the intestinal tuft cell marker, doublecortin-like kinase 1, DCAMKL1, is the predominant source of IL-25 in the human upper airway. Additionally, we show that patients with CRSwNP have increased numbers of SCCs in nasal polyp tissue and in-vitro IL-13 exposure both increased proliferation and induced apical secretion of IL-25 into the mucus layer.
CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory sinus polyps but not adjacent turbinate tissue have an expansion of a solitary chemosensory cell population that is the source of epithelial IL-25.

PMID: 29778504 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Smelling Anxiety Chemosignals Impairs Clinical Performance of Dental Students.

Smelling Anxiety Chemosignals Impairs Clinical Performance of Dental Students.

Chem Senses. 2018 May 15;:

Authors: Singh PB, Young A, Lind S, Leegaard MC, Capuozzo A, Parma V

Abstract
Despite the fact that human body odors can transfer anxiety-related signals, the impact of such signals in real-life situations is scant. In this study, the effects of anxiety chemosignals on the performance of dental students operating on simulation units, wearing t-shirts imbued with human sweat and masked with eugenol were tested. Twenty-four 4th year dental students (17F) donated their body odors in two sessions (Anxiety and Rest). Twenty-four normosmic, sex- and age-matched test subjects who were3rd year dental students performed three dental procedures while smelling masked anxiety body odors, masked rest body odors or masker alone. The intensity and pleasantness ratings showed that the test subjects could not report perceptual differences between the odor conditions. When exposed to masked anxiety body odors the test subject's dental performance was significantly worse than when they were exposed to masked rest body odors and masker alone, indicating that their performance was modulated by exposure to the emotional tone of the odor. These findings call for a careful evaluation of the anxiety-inducing effects of body odors in performance-related tasks and provide the first ecological evaluation of human anxiety chemosignal communication.

PMID: 29767685 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans.

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Lack of respiratory and ocular effects following acute propylene glycol exposure in healthy humans.

Inhal Toxicol. 2018 May 15;:1-9

Authors: Dalton P, Soreth B, Maute C, Novaleski C, Banton M

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Propylene glycol (PG) is a widely used solvent, chemical intermediate and carrier substance for foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Professional and occupational exposure to PG aerosol and vapor may occur from theatrical smoke generators and during application of deicing products to airplanes. While PG is considered to have low toxicity, the results of one study suggested that brief (1-min) exposure to PG mist elicited ocular and respiratory effects in humans. Because the high concentrations and brief exposure duration in that study were not representative of most occupational exposures, a controlled experimental exposure study was conducted to clarify or confirm the earlier findings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten males and 10 females were exposed to PG aerosol for 4 hrs at 20 and 100 mg/m3 and 30 min at 200 mg/m3. Total PG exposure concentrations (droplets plus gas phase) were 95.6, 442.4 and 871 mg/m3 for the three conditions, respectively. Participants rode a stationary bicycle to simulate physical effort at regular intervals during exposure. Objective measures evaluated in this study included ocular irritation via eye blink task and eye photography and pulmonary function via spirometry, while subjective measures included health symptoms ratings, irritation and dryness ratings of eyes, nose, throat and mouth.
RESULTS: Objective measures of pulmonary function and ocular irritation did not reveal any exposure-related changes. Exposure-related changes in symptom reporting were observed; however, the highest symptom ratings did not exceed "slight" on the scale.
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate at the concentrations and acute durations tested, PG does not affect human respiratory function or produce ocular irritation.

PMID: 29764241 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Pilot Experiment: The Effect of Added Flavorants on the Taste and Pleasantness of Mixtures of Glycerol and Propylene Glycol.

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Pilot Experiment: The Effect of Added Flavorants on the Taste and Pleasantness of Mixtures of Glycerol and Propylene Glycol.

Chemosens Percept. 2018 Apr;11(1):1-9

Authors: Rao PD, Nanding H, Strasser AA, Wise PM

Abstract
Introduction: The US Food and Drug Administration banned most "sweet" flavorants for use in cigarettes due to the concern that sweet flavors appeal to young, beginning smokers. However, many of the same flavors, including fruity and confection-associated aromas (e.g. vanilla) are still used in e-cigarettes. Sweet flavors may have a number of effects, including enhancement of the taste of other ingredients. The current work focused on the impact of model flavorants on the taste of a mixture of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine, solvents used in most e-cigarettes and related products.
Methods: A device delivered mixtures of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine into the mouth in parallel with puffs of clean air (control) or odorized air. Aromas included two "fruity" esters ("pineapple" and "banana"), two confection-associated aromas ("vanilla" and "caramel/malty"), menthol (not a "sweet" aroma, but commonly used in e-cigarettes), and a "burnt" aroma not expected enhance flavor. Twenty young adults, aged 18-25, rated the sweetness, bitterness, and pleasantness of all stimuli (within-subjects design).
Results: Both fruity aromas significantly enhanced sweetness, both confection-associated aromas significantly enhanced pleasantness, and the caramel/malty aroma significantly reduced bitterness. Menthol and the "burnt" aroma had no measurable effects on the taste of solvent mixtures.
Conclusion: Some flavorants modulated the taste of solvents commonly used in e-cigarettes in ways consistent with an enhanced sensory profile.
Implications: If similar effects occur in actual products, improved flavor profiles could facilitate continued use, particularly in non-smokers experimenting with e-cigarettes and related products.

PMID: 29755639 [PubMed]

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