Author Information
From the *Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; †Department of Surgery, ‡Department of Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology, and §Department of Pathology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
Received for publication January 28, 2016; accepted March 1, 2016.
Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. The Article Processing Charge was paid for by the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Flinders University, South Australia.
Eugene Koh, MBBS, MSSc, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia, E-mail: Eugene.Koh@sa.gov.au
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Abstract
Summary: Tumoral calcinosis is a rare clinical and histopathological syndrome whose exact etiology is unknown. We present a case of a 57-year-old woman who presents with a painful lump in her right chest after bilateral breast reconstructions for bilateral asynchronous breast cancers. It is important to be aware of all possible differential diagnoses in a patient presenting with a chest mass after mastectomy and reconstruction for breast cancer as not all lesions of this type represent recurrent cancer.
The appearance of a mass in a reconstructed breast is always of concern for local recurrence of breast cancer and can cause worry and anxiety in a patient. We present an uncommon cause for a mass in a reconstructed breast.
CASE REPORT
A 57-year-old woman presented with a 6-week history of a painful lump in her right chest wall after bilateral mastectomy and reconstruction. In 1991, she had undergone a right partial mastectomy with axillary clearance for a 13-mm grade III invasive cancer. There was no nodal involvement, and she received iridium implant brachytherapy and adjuvant external beam radiotherapy.
Subsequent mammography in 2007 showed some suspicious microcalcifications in the contralateral (left) breast. An excision biopsy showed the presence of an intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ.
To achieve clearance of the ductal carcinoma in situ, she underwent complete left mastectomy and, at the same time, had a prophylactic right mastectomy and bilateral 2-stage reconstruction with tissue expander and implant. The procedure was complicated by a right-sided periprosthetic infection, which required removal of the implant on that side. She then underwent a free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap to reconstruct the right breast in November 2007, and this was complicated by partial flap necrosis a month later, requiring debridement and split skin graft.
In February 2009, the patient presented with discomfort in the reconstructed left breast secondary to mild capsular contracture with thin overlying tissues. To treat this, the patient opted to undergo further surgery to remove the implant and have a latissimus dorsi reconstruction augmented by a smaller implant. For 5 years, she remained symptom-free and happy with her reconstructed breasts, despite an objectively poor aesthetic result (Fig. 1). She then presented with pain in her right chest wall in 2014, 7 years after the TRAM flap breast reconstruction.
Physical examination of the right chest wall revealed a hard mass, deep to the upper scar of the right breast reconstruction (Fig. 1). Serum biochemistry did not reveal any metabolic or electrolyte abnormalities; calcium and phosphate values were in the normal range. Computed tomography of the chest demonstrated a bone-forming lesion at the anterior end of the right third rib, measuring 2.1 × 2 × 2.8 cm, with little soft tissue component (Fig. 2). Positron emission tomography did not demonstrate a fluorodeoxyglucose-avid malignancy. Recurrent breast cancer was considered unlikely based on this imaging, with sarcoma considered more likely. She was then referred to a regional sarcoma service.
The patient underwent resection of the affected segment of her right third rib at the regional sarcoma center. Macroscopically, extensive changes of radiotherapy and fibrosis were found. There was necrotic, caseating material within the bone, which was excised with the pleura intact. The patient then made an unremarkable recovery and remained symptom-free 12 months after the resection.
RESULTS
The removed mass measured 38 × 14 × 14 mm. Microscopically, the lesion represented a well-circumscribed, lobulated deposit of calcific debris with a granular consistency consistent with hydroxyapatite (Fig. 3). There was no evidence of gout, pseudogout, or amyloid deposits. The lesion was centered in the soft tissue plane and involved skeletal muscle and nonspecialized fibrous connective tissue, including the periosteum and appeared to extend into the underlying rib by an erosive process rather than being osteocentric (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3 Image Tools |
Fig. 4 Image Tools |
The calcific material was surrounded by dense hyalinized fibrous tissue, and there was a sparse histiocytic inflammatory reaction at the interface with the calcific deposit. Features of traumatic fat necrosis were not evident. There was no evidence of neoplasia. The affected rib showed nonspecific reactive changes and preserved hematopoietic activity. Although bony involvement was an unusual finding, the appearances were nevertheless interpreted as most in keeping with tumoral calcinosis.
DISCUSSION
Masses can sometimes develop in reconstructed breasts and must be evaluated to determine their nature. In one series, breast masses occurred in 18.1% of reconstructed breasts.1 Fat necrosis is the most common cause of breast masses after autologous breast reconstruction, followed by recurrent carcinoma. Risk factors in the development of fat necrosis include perforator number and selection, smoking, postreconstruction radiotherapy, obesity, volume of transferred tissue, and hypertension.1 The incidence of fat necrosis has also been found to be higher in patients receiving brachytherapy when compared with patients receiving whole-breast irradiation.2
There is currently no evidence that immediate reconstruction impairs the detection of local recurrence in patients with early-stage breast cancer; however, the presence of autologous tissue can make it difficult to differentiate between a benign and a malignant lesion on clinical examination.1 Reddy et al3 found a similar incidence of locoregional recurrence in a series of 921 patients; 3.0% for all patients and 2.2% after reconstruction. Similarly, the time to detect recurrent disease was not significantly affected by breast reconstruction.
Tumoral calcinosis is a rare clinical and histopathological syndrome characterized by calcium salt deposition in different periarticular soft tissue regions, its exact etiology is unknown, but treatment is by complete surgical excision.4–7 Regions most commonly affected by tumoral calcinosis are soft tissues of periarticular upper limb (shoulder and elbow) and hip regions.5 Slavin et al8 theorized that the lesion of tumoral calcinosis is created by the concurrence of 2 events: first, trauma that initiates a multistepped reaction to injury in juxta-articular soft tissues and skin, and second, a multifactorial elevation of the serum calcium-phosphate product principally caused by hyperphosphatemia.
There are no reported cases of tumoral calcinosis of the rib after breast reconstruction in the literature nor were there reported cases of tumoral calcinosis associated with external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy. It has also been theorized that the process of tumoral calcinosis may begin with spontaneous necrosis of fat, followed by granuloma formation and calcification, which may be relevant in this setting of autologous flap breast reconstruction complicated by partial flap necrosis.7
CONCLUSIONS
We have presented a case of a rare cause for a mass in a reconstructed breast after mastectomy. Awareness of all possible differential diagnoses is important as not all lesions of this type represent recurrent cancer.
REFERENCES
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3. Reddy S, Colakoglu S, Curtis MS, et al.Breast cancer recurrence following postmastectomy reconstruction compared to mastectomy with no reconstruction.Ann Plast Surg201166466–471
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5. Fathi I, Sakr MReview of tumoral calcinosis: a rare clinico-pathological entity.World J Clin Cases20142409–414
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